{"id":6853,"date":"2025-02-27T06:00:39","date_gmt":"2025-02-27T03:00:39","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/drhasankasap.com\/?p=6853"},"modified":"2025-09-02T00:39:22","modified_gmt":"2025-09-01T21:39:22","slug":"kalbin-tarihi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/drhasankasap.com\/index.php\/2025\/02\/27\/kalbin-tarihi\/","title":{"rendered":"Kalbin Tarihi"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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M\u0130LATTAN \u00d6NCE\u2026<\/h1>\n

M.\u00d6. 10000-8000 y\u0131llar\u0131nda ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen Cro-Magnonlar, avlad\u0131klar\u0131 hayvanlar\u0131n kalpleri att\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece canl\u0131 kald\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zlemlemelerinden olsa gerek, ya\u015fam\u0131n ve canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n devam\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan organ olarak g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015fler kalbi. Eski \u00c7in ve Uzakdo\u011fu medeniyetlerinde de ( M.\u00d6. 3000-2000) kalbin ruhsal g\u00fcc\u00fcn ve akl\u0131n merkezi oldu\u011fu inan\u0131l\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

Tarihin daha sonraki d\u00f6nemlerinde (M.\u00d6. 2500-1000), eski M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da kalp ruhun ve vicdan\u0131n merkezi olarak kabul ediliyordu. \u00d6l\u00fcmden sonra kalp d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki t\u00fcm organlar \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131p bir seramik kase i\u00e7inde \u00f6l\u00fcyle birlikte g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fcyor, sadece kalp yerinde b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131yordu. \u0130nan\u0131\u015fa g\u00f6re \u00f6l\u00fcmden sonra kalp, adalet tanr\u0131s\u0131 Maat\u2019\u0131n huzurunda tart\u0131l\u0131yordu. E\u011fer kalp Maat\u2019\u0131n t\u00fcy\u00fcnden hafif gelirse, \u00f6len ki\u015fi Osiris (yeralt\u0131 tanr\u0131s\u0131 ile) ya\u015famaya devam ediyordu. Aksi halde Ammut (\u015feytan) kalbi yiyor ve b\u00f6ylece o insan\u0131n ruhu yoklu\u011fa mahkum edilmi\u015f oluyordu. (Bak\u0131n\u0131z a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki fig\u00fcr)<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Ebers Papir\u00fcs\u00fc<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Kalbin duygularla ili\u015fkilendirilmi\u015f oldu\u011fu ilk yaz\u0131l\u0131 belgelere S\u00fcmer-Babil k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnde rastlan\u0131yor. G\u0131lgam\u0131\u015f Destan\u0131\u2019nda kalbin bu duygularla a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ili\u015fkilendirildi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir (M.\u00d6.2100-2000). Tarihte ilk yaz\u0131l\u0131 t\u0131p belgesi olarak kabul edilen Ebers papir\u00fcs\u00fcnde kalp ve nab\u0131z at\u0131\u015flar\u0131ndan, kalbin kan pompalama fonksiyonundan, v\u00fccudun her taraf\u0131na yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir damar ve dola\u015f\u0131m sisteminden bahsedilmi\u015f olmas\u0131 \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r (M.\u00d6.1550). ( Bak\u0131n\u0131z yandaki resim )<\/p>\n

Eski Yunan\u2019da ruhun, kalbin i\u00e7inde yerle\u015fti\u011fine inan\u0131l\u0131yordu. Homeros ve Hesiodos’un yaz\u0131lar\u0131nda ve trajedilerde kalb (kardia), ruhun merkezi, ir\u00e2de, arzu ve duygunun kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Kalbin kan pompalama fonksiyonun fark\u0131nda olan Hipokrat ve Aristo, kalbin ayn\u0131 zamanda duygu ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce yeteneklerinin de merkezi oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorlard\u0131. Antik Yunan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu d\u00f6nemimde de etkisini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f. Romal\u0131 otorite Ovid, ya\u015fam\u0131n devam\u0131 i\u00e7in en \u00f6nemli organ olan kalbin yaralanmalar\u0131nda ila\u00e7lar\u0131n bir i\u015fe yaramayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

M.\u00d6. 4. y\u00fczy\u0131lda, kalbin kapak\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131 Hipokrat okuluna ba\u011fl\u0131 bir hekim taraf\u0131ndan ke\u015ffedildi. Fakat, kapak\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131n g\u00f6revi o d\u00f6nemlerde anla\u015f\u0131lamam\u0131\u015f. \u00d6l\u00fcmden sonra arterleri (atardamarlar\u0131) bo\u015f g\u00f6ren antik anatomistler bu damarlar\u0131n hava ile dolu oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f ve bu damarlar\u0131n hava da\u011f\u0131tma g\u00f6revine sahip oldu\u011fu kan\u0131s\u0131na varm\u0131\u015flar. Herofilus, venler ile arterleri ay\u0131rsa da, nabz\u0131n kalbin de\u011fil de do\u011frudan arterlerin (atardamarlar\u0131n) bir \u00f6zelli\u011fi oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f. Erasistratus, ya\u015fam s\u0131ras\u0131nda kesildiklerinde arterlerin kanad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zlemlemi\u015f. Buradan da arterlerden ka\u00e7an havan\u0131n yerini kan\u0131n, venler ile arterler aras\u0131ndaki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck damarlar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla, doldurdu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. B\u00f6ylece kan ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ters olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnse de, ilk kez k\u0131lcal damar fikrini ortaya atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

M\u0130LATTAN SONRA\u2026<\/h1>\n
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Galen (M.S. 129-201)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Klasik t\u0131bb\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck hekimi olarak kabul edilen Galen (M.S. 129-201)<\/strong> kalbi, kan ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyen ya\u015fam ruhunun merkezi olarak tan\u0131mlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kalpteki kas\u0131lma ve gev\u015feme fonksiyonlar\u0131ndan, kar\u0131nc\u0131k ve kapak\u00e7\u0131klardan atar ve toplardamarlar\u0131n farkl\u0131 yap\u0131lar\u0131ndan s\u00f6z etmi\u015ftir. Damarlar\u0131n kan ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilmekteydi ve ven\u00f6z (koyu k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131) ve arteryel (a\u00e7\u0131k k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131) kan\u0131 tan\u0131mlam\u0131\u015f, g\u00f6revlerinin farkl\u0131 oldu\u011funu belirtmi\u015fti. Galen\u2019e g\u00f6re b\u00fcy\u00fcme ve enerji, ven\u00f6z kan\u0131n \u00f6zellikleriyken, arteryel kan kalpten gelmekteydi ve hava i\u00e7erdi\u011fi i\u00e7in canl\u0131l\u0131k vermekteydi. Kan olu\u015ftu\u011fu (yarat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131\/ \u00fcretildi\u011fi) yerlerden v\u00fccudun t\u00fcm b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerine akar ve buralarda t\u00fcketilirdi. Kalbe veya karaci\u011fere giden kan\u0131n geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc yoktu. Kalp kan\u0131 pompalamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, kalbin hareketi diyastol (gev\u015feme) s\u0131ras\u0131nda kan\u0131 emmekteydi ve kan atardamarlar sayesinde hareket etmekteydi. Ayr\u0131ca, Galen ven\u00f6z kan\u0131n sol kar\u0131nc\u0131ktan sa\u011fa “g\u00f6zenekler” yard\u0131m\u0131yla ge\u00e7mesi ve havan\u0131n da akci\u011ferlerden pulmoner ven yoluyla kalbin sol taraf\u0131na ge\u00e7mesi sonucu olu\u015ftu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmekteydi. Arteriyel kan olu\u015ftu\u011fu s\u0131rada ‘isli’ (duman rengi) buharlar\u0131n olu\u015ftu\u011funu ve bunlar\u0131n yine pulmoner arter yard\u0131m\u0131yla, d\u0131\u015far\u0131 verilmesi i\u00e7in,akci\u011ferlere ge\u00e7ti\u011fini de d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.(1)<\/p>\n

Antik Meksika medeniyetinde<\/strong> de (M.S100-900) baz\u0131 ruhsal g\u00fc\u00e7lerin kalple ili\u015fkili oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ve bu g\u00fc\u00e7lerin \u00f6l\u00fcnceye kadar kalbi terk etmediklerine inan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.D\u00fc\u015fman\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc kazanmak i\u00e7in onun kalbini yeme gelene\u011fi, bu anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n belirgin g\u00f6stergelerinden birisi olarak kabul edildi\u011fi gibi Aztekler’de ve onlardan daha \u00f6nce Mayalar’da g\u00f6r\u00fclen insan kurban etme adeti bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin bir uzant\u0131s\u0131 say\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u0130nka toplumunda kalb atmaya devam ederken \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131r ve \u00e7ok kan akmas\u0131 sa\u011flan\u0131rd\u0131. F\u0131\u015fk\u0131ran kan, kartal simgesiyle sembolle\u015ftirilen “G\u00fcne\u015f” i\u00e7in besleyici bir g\u0131da ve “Yer Tanr\u0131s\u0131”n\u0131 (Tlaltecutli) din\u00e7 tutacak bir i\u00e7ecek kabul edilirdi. Bu anlay\u0131\u015fa g\u00f6re kalp, insan\u0131n en \u00f6nemli bir uzvuydu ve -adanmak suretiyle- tanr\u0131lar\u0131n l\u00fctfu olan hayat\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturuyordu .(2)<\/p>\n

Kalb mefh\u00fbmu, Hinduizmin kutsal kit\u00e2belerinde<\/strong> de \u00f6nemli yer tutar. Mesela onlar\u0131n meditasyon tekniklerinde bu durum a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.(3)Nitekim insan v\u00fccudunda belli enerji merkezlerinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na dayanan “\u00e7akra \u00f6\u011fretisi”ne g\u00f6re t\u00fcm \u00e7akra sisteminin merkezini olu\u015fturan d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc \u00e7akra, “kalb \u00e7akras\u0131”d\u0131r.Bu \u00e7akra, \u00fc\u00e7 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck fiziksel ve duygusal merkezle, \u00fc\u00e7 y\u00fcksek zihinsel ve ruhsal merkezleri birle\u015ftirir.Bu ana \u00e7akran\u0131n hedefi, sevgi yoluyla varl\u0131k b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne kat\u0131lmakt\u0131r. \u00c7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir enerjiye sahiptir. A\u00e7\u0131k bir kalb \u00e7akras\u0131, ba\u015fkalar\u0131 \u00fczerinde kendili\u011finden iyile\u015ftirme ve d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrme etkisi olu\u015fturabilir.(4)<\/p>\n

Yahudi, H\u0131ristiyan ve \u0130slam inan\u0131\u015f\u0131nda da<\/strong> kalbin ayn\u0131 anlam ve kavramlar\u0131 sembolle\u015ftirdi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.Her \u00fc\u00e7 dinde de kalp sevgi, merhamet, hay\u0131rseverlik, derin bir anlay\u0131\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc gibi ruhsal duygu, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve davran\u0131\u015flarla \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131kta kalp Allah sevgisinin yeri ve ebedi mutlulu\u011fun arac\u0131 olarak nitelendirilmi\u015ftir. \u0130slam tasavvufunda kalp g\u00f6z\u00fcnden bahsedilir. Biyolojik g\u00f6z d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyay\u0131, kalbin g\u00f6z\u00fc (basiret) varl\u0131k ve olaylar\u0131n i\u00e7 y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc, ger\u00e7ek mahiyetini, g\u00f6rmeyi, anlamay\u0131 sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n

\u0130BN-\u0130 S\u00ceN\u00c2…<\/h2>\n

Buraya kadar kalbe bak\u0131\u015f, \u201ccanl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131\u201d olman\u0131n yan\u0131nda, daha \u00e7ok \u201cduygu ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerin, merkezi\u201d oldu\u011fu \u015feklinde idi. Oysa ger\u00e7ekte kalp, bir \u201csistem\u201d i\u00e7inde dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131 sa\u011flayan merkez\u00ee pompa konumunda idi. Bat\u0131l\u0131lar kalbe bu anlamdaki bak\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u0130ngiliz bilim adam\u0131 William Harvey (1578-1657)<\/strong> ile ba\u015flat\u0131rlar. Kirli (kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, ven\u00f6z ) kan\u0131n kalpten akci\u011fere temizlenmek \u00fczere g\u00f6nderilmesi, oradan da temizlenmi\u015f kan\u0131n tekrar kalbe d\u00f6nmesi olarak tan\u0131mlayabilece\u011fimiz \u201ck\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck dola\u015f\u0131m\u201d\u0131n, ilk kez 16. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Michael Servetus taraf\u0131ndan ortaya at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, 17. y\u00fczy\u0131lda da William Harvey taraf\u0131ndan kesin olarak tan\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylerler. Oysa burda da bat\u0131n\u0131n, her zaman oldu\u011fu gibi, \u201c\u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n do\u011fudan y\u00fckseldi\u011fini\u201d g\u00f6rmezden gelen bir anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve aktar\u0131\u015f\u0131 s\u00f6zkonusu idi.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ebu Ali el-H\u00fcseyin ibni Abdullah ibn-i Sina el-Belhi.<\/strong> y\u0131l\u0131nda bug\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00d6zbekistan\u2019da yer alan Buhara yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki Af\u015fana kentinde do\u011fdu. 19 ya\u015f\u0131nda doktor \u00fcnvan\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131. Bir yandan t\u0131p ilminde ilerlerken bir yandan da felsefe, mant\u0131k, metafizik \u00f6\u011frendi. Ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemin gidi\u015fine uyarak fizik, kimya, biyoloji ve psikoloji ile ilgili \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapmas\u0131 \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fck bir filozof ve bilim adam\u0131 olarak yeti\u015fmesini sa\u011flad\u0131.(5) De\u011fi\u015fik konular \u00fczerine 240\u2019\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar gelebilen 450 kadar makale yazd\u0131. Eserlerinin en \u00fcnl\u00fcleri felsefe ve fen konular\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren \u00e7ok geni\u015f bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma olan Kit\u00e2b’\u00fc\u015f-\u015eif\u00e2<\/strong> (\u0130yile\u015fme Kitab\u0131) ile El-Kanun fi’t-T\u0131b<\/strong>‘d\u0131r (T\u0131bb\u0131n Kanunu). El-Kanun fi\u2019t-T\u0131b orta\u00e7a\u011f \u00fcniversitelerinde hatta 1650 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar bat\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6kl\u00fc \u00fcniversitelerinde ders kitab\u0131 olarak okutuldu. 1037 Haziran\u0131nda (Ramazan ay\u0131nda) 57 ya\u015f\u0131nda \u00f6ld\u00fc. Kabri Hamedan\u2019dad\u0131r. Avrupa onu AV\u0130CENNA, biz ise \u0130BN-\u0130 S\u0130NA olarak bildik.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kalbin tarihinden bahsederken, \u0130bn-i S\u00een\u00e2’y\u0131 anmamak ol(a)mazd\u0131. Zira kalp ve kan dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131 konusunda bilimsel temelleri W.Harvey’den as\u0131rlar \u00f6nce o atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (6) Kalp ve damarlar konusundaki tasvirleri bug\u00fcnk\u00fc bilgilerimizle \u00e7ok benzerlik g\u00f6stermektedir. (7)<\/p>\n

\u0130\u015fte \u0130bn-i S\u00een\u00e2’n\u0131n as\u0131rlar \u00f6ncesindeki kalp tasviri :<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cKalbin iki bo\u015flu\u011fu vard\u0131r. B\u00fcy\u00fck \u015firyan (aort) sol bo\u015fluktan \u00e7\u0131kar, kal\u0131nd\u0131r, \u00e7ift tabakal\u0131d\u0131r. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u015firyan (pulmoner arter) sa\u011f bo\u015fluktan \u00e7\u0131kar, ince ve tek tabakal\u0131d\u0131r. Karaci\u011fer veridleri ince cidarl\u0131d\u0131r (V.cava). G\u0131da emilimi i\u00e7in ince barsaklarda k\u0131l gibi ince damarlar vard\u0131r. Emilen g\u0131da, buradan, damarlarla (Vena porta) karaci\u011fer i\u00e7ine gider yay\u0131l\u0131r, oradan karaci\u011ferin d\u0131\u015f b\u00fckey y\u00fcz\u00fcnden \u00e7\u0131kan damarlarla (Vena hepatica) birle\u015fir.\u201d<\/p>\n

Bu tan\u0131mlamadan, \u0130bn-i S\u00eena\u2019n\u0131n, g\u0131dalar\u0131n barsaklardan emilip kana kar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan \u201cportal sistemi\u201d ve \u201ck\u0131lcal dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u201d da bildi\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130bn-i Sina bu tan\u0131mlamay\u0131 yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, o da Galen gibi, ven\u00f6z kan\u0131n, kalbin sa\u011f\u0131ndan soluna ge\u00e7i\u015fini a\u00e7\u0131klayamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu ge\u00e7i\u015fin, kalbin bo\u015fluklar\u0131n\u0131 ay\u0131ran duvarlardaki (septum) g\u00f6zeneklerden oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmekte idi. \u0130\u015fte bu yan\u0131lg\u0131, \u201ck\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u201d ke\u015ffine kadar s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bat\u0131l\u0131 kaynaklar bu ke\u015ffi 1628\u2019de William Harvey\u2019e atfetmi\u015flerdir. Oysa Alaaddin Ebu’l-\u00c2’l\u00e2 Ali \u0130bn Ebi’l-Hazm el-Kure\u015f\u00ee ed-D\u0131me\u015fk\u00ee (\u00cebn\u00fc\u2019n-Nef\u00ees) Harvey\u2019den 3 as\u0131r \u00f6nce \u201ck\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kan dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131\u201d tan\u0131mlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00ceBN\u00dc’N-NEFS<\/h2>\n
\"\"<\/a>
\u00cebn\u00fc\u2019n-Nef\u00ees<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u00cebn\u00fc\u2019n-Nef\u00ees<\/a>, 1210 y\u0131l\u0131nda baz\u0131 kaynaklara g\u00f6re T\u00fcrkistan’\u0131n Ka\u015f \u015fehrinde, yayg\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re ise \u015eam\u2019da do\u011fdu. 1288\u2019de M\u0131s\u0131r’da vefat etti. T\u0131p ilmini 7. as\u0131rda Nureddin Zengi’nin \u015eam’da kurdu\u011fu hastanede \u0130bn\u00fc’d-Dahvan’dan \u00f6\u011frendi. Sonra Eyy\u00fbbi Sultan\u0131 Melik K\u00e2mil taraf\u0131ndan M\u0131s\u0131r’a davet edilince, oraya gidip yerle\u015fti. Hayat\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 t\u0131bbi ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarla ge\u00e7irdi. \u0130nsan v\u00fccudu ile hayvanlar\u0131n v\u00fccudu aras\u0131ndaki sistem benzerli\u011fini g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne alarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 anatomi \u00fczerine \u00f6zellikle de kalp ve solunum sistemi anatomisi \u00fczerine yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. Kan\u0131n kalpten akci\u011ferlere, akci\u011ferlerden de kalbe geli\u015f-gidi\u015f sistemini inceledi. B\u00f6ylece t\u0131p sahas\u0131nda taklit\u00e7ilikten kurtulmaya, teorikten pratik ve tecr\u00fcbeye ge\u00e7i\u015f devrini a\u00e7t\u0131. O zamana kadar genellikle Galen, Hipokrat ve \u0130bn-i S\u00eena’n\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ve izahlar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 kalan t\u0131p otoriteleri, bunlar\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerin d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131km\u0131yorlard\u0131. \u00cebn\u00fc\u2019n-Nef\u00ees, bunlar\u0131n bir\u00e7ok tezine ele\u015ftiriler getirdi. Kendisinden \u00f6nce ya\u015fayan bu tabiplerin eserlerini inceleyerek yanl\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczeltti.<\/p>\n

1900\u2019l\u00fc y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131na kadar, kan\u0131n akci\u011ferlerde temizlenmesini sa\u011flayan \u201ck\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kan dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n\u201d, Servetus ve sonra da Harvey taraf\u0131ndan tan\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul g\u00f6r\u00fcrd\u00fc. 1924 y\u0131l\u0131nda Freiburg T\u0131p Fak\u00fcltesinde Muhyeddin et-Tantavi adl\u0131 M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131 gen\u00e7 ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131, bir doktora tezi haz\u0131rlad\u0131 ve bir\u00e7ok Alman profes\u00f6r\u00fcn dikkatini \u00e7ekti. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc tezde, ilk defa \u201ck\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kan dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n\u201d \u00cebn\u00fc\u2019n-Nef\u00ees ad\u0131nda bir M\u00fcsl\u00fcman bilginin buldu\u011fundan bahsediliyordu. Bunu m\u00fcmk\u00fcn g\u00f6rmeyen profes\u00f6rler, tezin bir kopyas\u0131n\u0131, o s\u0131rada M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da bulunan Alman Dr.Mayerhof\u2019a g\u00f6nderdiler. Dr.Mayerhof, Tantav\u00ee\u2019yi do\u011frulamakla kalmay\u0131p, daha sonra yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 makalede ; \u201c1553\u2019te Servetus, 1559\u2019da Colombo ve 1628\u2019de Harvey kan dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131 hakk\u0131nda tek s\u00f6z etmeden as\u0131rlar \u00f6nce \u0130bn\u00fc\u2019n-Nef\u00ees\u2019in k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ke\u015ffetti\u011fini\u201d yazd\u0131.<\/p>\n

A. Adnan Ad\u0131var, “Osmanl\u0131 T\u00fcrklerinde \u0130lim” adl\u0131 eserinde k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kan dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131yla ilgili ilk fikirlerin \u0130bn\u00fc’n-Nefis’e ait oldu\u011fu hakk\u0131nda \u015fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flere yer verir:<\/p>\n

“Bug\u00fcn M.Servetus\u2019un \u00cebn\u00fc\u2019n-Nef\u00ees\u2019ten haberd\u00e2r ve Realdo Colombo\u2019nun, Servetus\u2019un kitab\u0131ndan bilgi sahibi oldu\u011fu, hatta \u00cebn\u00fc\u2019n-Nef\u00ees\u2019in kitaplar\u0131n\u0131n terc\u00fcmesi ile u\u011fra\u015fan bir ki\u015fi ile temas etti\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Colombo, kalp dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131 konusunda \u00f6nemli katk\u0131lar\u0131 olan bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130talyan anatomi okulunun di\u011fer \u00fcnl\u00fc hocalar\u0131 Follopio (1523-1562) ve Fabrizio (1533-1619) da Papua’da \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flar ve bunlardan sonuncusu, t\u0131p e\u011fitimini Padna’da yapan W.Harvey’in (1578-1657) en \u00e7ok istifade etti\u011fi ki\u015fi olmu\u015ftur. B\u00f6ylece k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck dola\u015f\u0131m fizyolojisinin bir anda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen bir bulu\u015fla \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlenmedi\u011fi, kademeli katk\u0131lar\u0131n s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Ancak ilk g\u00f6zlem ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemeyi yapm\u0131\u015f olmak ve daha sonraki ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n dikkatini bu noktaya \u00e7ekmek \u015ferefi de \u0130bn’\u00fcn- Nefis’e aittir.”<\/p>\n

Ba\u015fka bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ise; \u0130slam tab\u00e2beti ile ilgilenen ve \u0130spanyol olan Servetus\u2019un, Madrid\u2019deki Escorial k\u00fct\u00fcphanesinde bulunan, \u00cebn\u00fc\u2019n-Nef\u00ees\u2019in eserinden faydalanm\u0131\u015f olabilece\u011fidir.(8)<\/p>\n

Tam da burada Friedrich-Wilhelms \u00dcniveristesi\u2019nden Alman Dr. Sigrid Hunke\u2019nin \u015fu s\u00f6zleri al\u0131nt\u0131lanmaya de\u011ferdir: \u201cM\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131 gen\u00e7 doktor Tantavi\u2019nin bu bulu\u015fu g\u00f6sterdi ki, \u0130sl\u00e2m \u00e2limleri teorilere uygunluk derecelerine ve \u00f6nce vukua gelip gelmediklerine bakmadan, kritik deneme, titiz g\u00f6zlem ve pe\u015fin h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fcz ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya gayret g\u00f6sterme hususunda Orta \u00c7a\u011fdaki Hristiyan meslekta\u015flar\u0131na g\u00f6re daha azimli ve daha kararl\u0131yd\u0131lar.\u201d<\/p>\n

Peki ne diyordu \u00cebn\u2019\u00fcn-Nef\u00ees, Servetus\u2019tan 311 y\u0131l, Harvey\u2019den 386 y\u0131l \u00f6nce :<\/strong><\/p>\n

“Kalp, \u015fimdiye kadar san\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, sa\u011f atriyum i\u00e7indeki kanla de\u011fil, aksine c\u00fczlerine damarlar vas\u0131tas\u0131yla da\u011f\u0131lan kanla beslenmektedir (koroner dola\u015f\u0131m). Kalbin sa\u011f kar\u0131nc\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan pompalanan kan, akci\u011ferleri beslemek i\u00e7in de\u011fil, akci\u011ferlerde temizlenmek i\u00e7in yay\u0131l\u0131r. Sa\u011f kar\u0131nc\u0131k ile sol kar\u0131nc\u0131k aras\u0131nda ge\u00e7i\u015f yoktur. Kalbin yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 icab\u0131 bir cism\u00ee sertli\u011fi vard\u0131r. Baz\u0131 bilginlerin dedi\u011fi gibi, ne g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr bir ge\u00e7i\u015f, ne de Galen’in inand\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi kan\u0131n ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak olan gizli bir ge\u00e7it vard\u0131r. Bunun z\u0131dd\u0131na, kalbin g\u00f6zenekleri ve mesanesi kapal\u0131 ve kal\u0131nd\u0131r. Sa\u011f kar\u0131nc\u0131ktan \u00e7\u0131kan kirli kan, akci\u011fer atardamar\u0131 yoluyla akci\u011fer torbac\u0131klar\u0131na ge\u00e7er. Orada hava ile kar\u0131\u015fan kan, son damlas\u0131na kadar temizlenir. Akci\u011fer atardamar\u0131 ile akci\u011fer toplardamar\u0131 aras\u0131nda, akci\u011ferlerdeki dever\u00e2n\u0131 tamamlayan irtibatlar mevcuttur (k\u0131lcal dola\u015f\u0131m). Daha sonra hayat\u0131n devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in havayla temizlenen kan, akci\u011fer toplardamar\u0131 ile kalbin sol kulak\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131na ge\u00e7er (k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck dola\u015f\u0131m, pulmoner dola\u015f\u0131m).”<\/p>\n

\u0130bni Nefis bu kadar a\u00e7\u0131k ve basit \u015fekilde, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kan dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130bni Nefis’in bu ke\u015fifleri, 1547’de Venedik’te Andreas Alpagus taraf\u0131ndan Latince’ye \u00e7evrildi, 6 y\u0131l sonra Servetus’un Christianismi Restituto’sunda ve 1555’te Vesalius’un De Fabrica Humani Corporis’inin 2. bask\u0131s\u0131nda, ard\u0131ndan Valvarde’nin 1554, Columbus’un 1559, Cesalpino’nun 1571 ve son olarak Harvey’in 1628’deki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda yer ald\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bug\u00fcn bat\u0131l\u0131 kaynaklar da art\u0131k \u00cebn\u2019\u00fcn-Nef\u00ees\u2019in hakk\u0131n\u0131 teslim etmekte, onu pulmoner dola\u015f\u0131m(10) ile birlikte k\u0131lcal damar (11) ve koroner dola\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131(12,13) da ilk ke\u015ffeden ki\u015fi, \u201cdola\u015f\u0131msal fizyolojinin babas\u0131\u201d<\/strong>, “Orta \u00c7a\u011f\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck fizyolo\u011fu” olarak tan\u0131mlamaktad\u0131rlar.(14)<\/p>\n

W\u0130LL\u0130AM HARVEY…<\/h2>\n
\"\"
William Harvey (1578 \u2013 1657)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Evet, \u00cebn\u2019\u00fcn-Nef\u00ees\u2019ten \u00fc\u00e7 as\u0131r kadar sonra, 1553 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130spanyol doktor Servetus, Galen\u2019in teorilerini ele\u015ftiren \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 duyurdu. Ven\u00f6z kan\u0131n, kalbin sa\u011f\u0131ndan soluna akci\u011ferler yoluyla ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, kalbin duvarlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda g\u00f6zenekler ya da gizli bir ge\u00e7itin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtti.<\/p>\n

1628’de ise \u0130ngiliz doktor William Harvey kan dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131na ili\u015fki Latince yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir kitapta (Hayvanlarda Kalp ve Kan Dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131na \u0130li\u015fkin Anatomik Bir Tez), hayvanlar \u00fczerinde yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zlemsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 yay\u0131nlad\u0131 .<\/p>\n

Hayvanlar\u0131 canl\u0131 olarak incelemeyi ilk kez Harvey denemi\u015ftir. G\u00f6\u011f\u00fcslerini a\u00e7arak kalbin at\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frudan g\u00f6zlemliyordu. Kalp de\u011fi\u015fimli olarak atan ve duran bir i\u015fleyi\u015f i\u00e7indeydi. Eline ald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kalbin n\u00f6betle\u015fe sertle\u015fip gev\u015fedi\u011fini g\u00f6r\u00fcyor; sertle\u015fti\u011finde organ\u0131n kas\u0131l\u0131p solgunla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, gev\u015fedi\u011finde geni\u015fleyip k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyordu. G\u00f6zlemleri, sonunda onu \u015f\u00f6yle bir yarg\u0131ya ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r: “Kalp, i\u00e7i bo\u015f, pompa gibi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir kast\u0131r. Eyleme ge\u00e7ti\u011finde i\u00e7 bo\u015flu\u011fu daralmakta ve kan d\u0131\u015far\u0131 ak\u0131\u015fa ge\u00e7mektedir, gev\u015fedi\u011finde ise tam tersine kan, geni\u015fleyen i\u00e7 bo\u015flu\u011fa d\u00f6nmektedir.”<\/p>\n

Kalbin kas\u0131lmas\u0131yla atar damarlar\u0131n kan ta\u015f\u0131ma d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda nab\u0131z at\u0131\u015f\u0131 da verdi\u011fini belirleyen Harvey, ta\u015f\u0131nan kan\u0131n miktar\u0131n\u0131 da saptama yoluna gider. Kalbin her at\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yakla\u015f\u0131k 30 gram kan pompalad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hesaplar. Bu bir dakikada yakla\u015f\u0131k 5 litre, bir g\u00fcnde 6200 litre demekti. Harvey, bu kadar \u00e7ok kan\u0131n pompalanmas\u0131n\u0131n ancak \u00e7evrimsel bir ak\u0131\u015fla m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr. \u00d6yleyse, \u201ckan dola\u015f\u0131m\u0131 hipotezi\u201d a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131 tek se\u00e7enekti onun i\u00e7in. O da Servetus gibi; Galen\u2019in aksine, kalp duvarlar\u0131nda gizli bir ge\u00e7it olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, kan\u0131n akci\u011ferler yoluyla temizlenip kalbin sol taraf\u0131na d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve buradan da atardamarlar i\u00e7ine pompaland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir. Bu a\u00e7\u0131klamada kalbin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, her t\u00fcrl\u00fc gizemli g\u00fc\u00e7lerden uzak, salt mekanik bir i\u015fleyi\u015f olarak alg\u0131lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu hipotezde, ven\u00f6z kan ile, arteryel kan\u0131n aras\u0131nda, akci\u011ferler i\u00e7inde bir ba\u011flant\u0131 oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Ancak bunun do\u011frulanmas\u0131, mikroskopun icad\u0131n\u0131 bekler. \u0130talyan bilgini Malpighi 1661’de ilkel bir mikroskopla kurba\u011fa akci\u011ferinde, atar damarlarla toplar damarlar\u0131n, k\u0131lcal damarlar arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla birbirine ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011funu saptar.<\/p>\n

“KARD\u0130YOLOJ\u0130’DE K\u0130LOMETRE TA\u015eLARI” \u0130\u00c7\u0130N TIKLAYINIZ<\/a><\/strong><\/h6>\n

\u00a0<\/h2>\n

KAYNAK\u00c7A<\/h4>\n

1.) http:\/\/tr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dola%C5%9F%C4%B1m_sistemi
2.) Meslin, M.. \u201cHeart (Frans\u0131zca\u2019 dan \u0130ngilizce\u2019ye Gev. Kristine Ar\u0131derso\u0131\u0131). Tl\u0131e EncyIopedia of Religion, VI, 234.
3.) Meslin. M., agm.. Vl, 234.
4.) S Sharamon-B J. Baginski, Chakra El Kitab\u0131 (\u00e7ev. Cumhur M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131o\u011flu). s. 1591 t;4
5.) MEB,1922, c.5-II, s.807-808
6.) Irmak, s: Uluslararas\u0131 \u0130bn-i Sina Sempozyumu. Ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k matb. Ank.984 s.11.)
7.) Ortu\u011f,O: \u0130bn-i Sina\u2019nin kan al\u0131nacak damarlar risalesi \u00fczerine b\u0131r bak\u0131\u015f. Uluslararas\u0131 \u0130bn-i Sina sempozyumu Bildirileri. K\u00fclt\u00fcr Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yay. Ankara, 1984,s. 258.)
8.) Terzio\u011flu,A5el\u00e7uklu T\u0131p Merkezleri ve Avrupa Tababetine Tesirleri.K.\u00fc.Gevher Nesibe Bilim Haftas\u0131 ve T\u0131p G\u00fcnleri,Kayseri,1982s. 87.
9.) Hunke,S: \u0130slam\u2019\u0131n G\u00fcne\u015fi. Bedir yay.Ist.1975. s.182.
10.) S. A. Al-Dabbagh (1978). \u201cIbn Al-Nafis and the pulmonary circulation\u201d, The Lancet 1: 1148.)
11.) Dr. Paul Ghalioungui (1982), \u201cThe West denies Ibn Al Nafis\u2019s contribution to the discovery of the circulation\u201d, Symposium on Ibn al-Nafis, Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait (cf. The West denies Ibn Al Nafis\u2019s contribution to the discovery of the circulation,Encyclopedia of Islamic World)
12.) Husain F. Nagamia (2003), \u201cIbn al-Nafis: A Biographical Sketch of the Discoverer of Pulmonary and Coronary Circulation\u201d, Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine 1: 22\u201328.
13.) Matthijs Oudkerk (2004), Coronary Radiology, \u201cPreface\u201d, Springer Science+Business Media, ISBN 3-540-43640-5
14.) George Sarton (cf. Dr. Paul Ghalioungui (1982), \u201cThe West denies Ibn Al Nafis\u2019s contribution to the discovery of the circulation\u201d, Symposium on Ibn al-Nafis, Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait)(cf. The West denies Ibn Al Nafis\u2019s contribution to the discovery of the circulation, Encyclopedia of Islamic World)<\/p>\n

<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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